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David E. Cummings, MD; Michael H. Shannon, MD

Arch Surg. 2003;138:389-396.

	Since this article does not have an abstract, we have provided the first 150 words of the full text and any section headings.

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is a global epidemic that has proven daunting to prevent and treat. The prevalences of obesity (body mass index [BMI] >30) and morbid obesity (BMI >40) among American adults are about 30% and 5%, respectively.¹ Obesity is so strongly associated with medical comorbidities and mortality that it has begun to overtake infectious diseases as the most significant contributor to ill health worldwide.^2-3 Overweight persons are also frequently stigmatized and consequently suffer from low self-esteem. Their motivation to achieve and maintain weight loss is often Herculean. In 1 study of 47 patients who had durably lost 45 kg or more after bariatric surgery, 100% preferred to be deaf, dyslexic, diabetic, or have heart disease rather than be obese again; leg amputation and blindness were preferred by 91.5% and 89.4%, respectively.⁴ The traditional treatment paradigm of diet, exercise, and medication generally achieves no . . . [Full Text of this Article]

FUNDAMENTALS OF APPETITE AND BODY WEIGHT REGULATION

GHRELIN: THE ONLY KNOWN OREXIGENIC HORMONE

ANATOMY OF GHRELIN PRODUCTION

POTENTIAL ROLES FOR GHRELIN IN THE REGULATION OF APPETITE AND BODY WEIGHT

EFFECT OF BARIATRIC SURGERY ON CIRCULATING GHRELIN LEVELS

From the Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle.

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