 |
|
Overcoming Reduced Hepatic and Renal Perfusion Caused by Positive-Pressure Pneumoperitoneum
Amitai Bickel, MD;
Norman Loberant, MD;
Marina Bersudsky, MD;
Moshe Goldfeld, MD;
Shimon Ivry, MD;
Miryam Herskovits, MD;
Arie Eitan, MD
Arch Surg. 2007;142(2):119-124.
ABSTRACT
| |
Hypothesis Use of the intermittent sequential pneumatic compression (ISPC) device may improve splanchnic and renal perfusion caused by positive-pressure pneumoperitoneum (PPP) in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Design Prospective controlled study.
Setting University hospital.
Patients Twenty-two consecutive patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy whose cardiac output decreased at least 10% on induction of PPP.
Intervention The ISPC device was activated over the lower limbs 15 minutes after PPP was established for the remainder of surgery.
Main Outcome Measures Urine output, cardiovascular functions, and hepatic and renal perfusion were measured during the surgical phases; urine output was quantified in a matched control group (n = 30).
Results Induction of PPP significantly decreased cardiac output and stroke volume, while ISPC significantly reversed these changes. Increased systemic vascular resistance during PPP was reversed by ISPC. Activation of the pneumatic sleeves during PPP increased the mean ± SD portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flows from 0.86 ± 0.30 to 1.33 ± 0.44 L/min (P<.001) and from 0.26 ± 0.10 to 0.38 ± 0.19 L/min (P = .002), respectively; the mean renal segmental arterial index decreased with ISPC from 0.68 ± 0.05 to 0.63 ± 0.08 (P = .003). During PPP, urine output decreased from 1.10 to 0.28 mL/min per meter squared (P = .001) but improved markedly with ISPC to 0.61 mL/min per meter squared (P = .01). Such improvement was absent in the control group.
Conclusions Use of ISPC significantly improves hepatic and renal blood flows during PPP. Its application is recommended during prolonged laparoscopic procedures, including laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy.
INTRODUCTION
The creation of a carbon dioxide positive-pressure pneumoperitoneum (PPP) may result in deranged pathophysiological consequences related to acidosis, hypercarbia, and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Studies1-4 in humans and in animals demonstrate deficits in cardiovascular performance, such as decreased cardiac output and stroke volume and increased systemic vascular resistance, which are associated with decreased venous return and with neurological and endocrine changes. These undesirable changes may be of clinical significance in elderly or cardiac patients undergoing prolonged laparoscopic procedures.
Increased abdominal pressure exerts adverse splanchnic circulatory effects. Studies5-8 using various flow measurement techniques demonstrate deranged macrocirculatory and microcirculatory changes during PPP involving visceral organs like the spleen, liver, stomach, pancreas, and intestines. The consequences of decreased hepatic microcirculation may include modified cellular immune response, abnormal liver energy metabolism, and impaired function of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells.9-12 Studies13-16 using different anesthetic and operational variables have tried to elucidate the mechanism of decreased hepatic and renal blood flows during PPP. The significance of reduced renal perfusion and its pathophysiological sequelae during PPP have been especially stressed with the introduction of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.9, 17-19 Furthermore, decreased visceral perfusion during PPP and its subsequent improvement with deflation are responsible for the creation of an ischemia-reperfusion mechanism that may lead to an increased oxidative stress response.20-21
Various solutions have been proposed to overcome the metabolic, respiratory, and cardiovascular consequences of carbon dioxide PPP, including lowering the insufflation pressure, operating in a gasless environment, and substituting an inert gas for carbon dioxide. Recently, different drugs (papaverine hydrochloride, dopamine hydrochloride, clonidine, ethyl nitrite, calcium channel blockers, aldosterone receptor antagonist, and angiotensin II receptor antagonist) have been tried for reversing the mechanisms putatively responsible for decreased splanchnic and renal perfusion.22-26 The suitability of volume expansion for improving cardiac preload and renal perfusion has been studied.27-28 However, these solutions have not been generally implemented because they remain inconclusive, controversial, or in the experimental stage or are inconvenient for the surgeon.
A mechanical solution using an intermittent sequential pneumatic compression (ISPC) device on the legs was suggested by Bickel in Cuschieri et al.29 This device was successfully implemented in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery and markedly improved their cardiovascular performance.30 This device acts primarily by redistributing blood from the lower extremities and by reversing the adverse hemodynamic effects of PPP. It has no significant adverse effects, does not necessitate titration of drugs, and avoids the possible effects of fluid overload.
The first objective of our study was to study splanchnic and renal perfusion during PPP in patients undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery. The second objective was to improve these variables with use of an ISPC device.
METHODS
STUDY POPULATION
Twenty-five consecutive patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholecystolithiasis were enrolled in this prospective study. The patients were all in good health (American Society of Anesthesiologists class I or II). The study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from each patient.
Only patients who developed a significant ( 10%) decreased cardiac output during induction of PPP were included; therefore, 3 enrolled patients were excluded. The investigation was designed as a repeated-measures study, with each patient's baseline readings serving as a control. Because of the great variability associated with urine output during surgery, a separate matched group of 30 patients served as a comparison group for this variable during the stages of surgery. Selection of this group was determined according to the availability of the Doppler ultrasound unit and radiologists in the operating room at the time of surgery.
ANESTHESIA AND PNEUMOPERITONEUM
The same senior surgeon (A.B.) operated on all patients. General anesthesia was administered to all patients according to an identical protocol. Patients were premedicated with 10 mg of diazepam. Intravenous first-generation cephalosporin (1 g of cefonicid sodium [Monocef; Teva, Israel]) together with a 4-mL/kg isotonic crystalloid fluid bolus was administered before surgery. Following 2 minutes of preoxygenation by mask, anesthesia was induced using fentanyl citrate (3 µg/kg), midazolam hydrochloride (1 mg), propofol (2 mg/kg), or thiopentone (4 mg/kg), as well as atracurium besylate (or rocuronium) for muscle relaxation. Anesthesia was maintained with fentanyl, isoflurane (0.8-1.2 vol%), and oxygen in air mixture (0.40 ratio). Ventilation was mechanically controlled at a frequency and tidal volume sufficient to maintain normocapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide, 35-38 mm Hg). Intraoperative crystalloid infusion was maintained at 8 mL/kg per hour.
Carbon dioxide PPP was maintained automatically at 14 mm Hg at an infusion rate of 1 to 1.5 L/min. This is the pressure we generally use in laparoscopic surgery and is the pressure widely referred to in the literature. A nasogastric tube and an indwelling urinary drainage catheter were inserted. Patient monitoring included capnography, pulse oximetry, electrocardiography, continuous quantification of urine output, peripheral nerve stimulation (for assessment of depth of anesthesia), and noninvasive mean arterial pressure measurements (recorded at 5-minute intervals).
ISPC DEVICE OPERATION
In the study group patients, each leg was wrapped with a pneumatic sleeve from the foot to the groin. Each sleeve contained 10 pneumatic cells (Lympha Press; Mego Afek, Kibbutz Afek, Israel) individually connected to a pneumatic compressor that was set to a maximum of 50 mm Hg of air and was sequentially progressed, in a 24-second cycle, from the distal to the proximal air compartments to create a milking effect on veins of the lower limbs. The ISPC device was activated 15 to 20 minutes after establishment of PPP and remained so until the end of surgery. In the control group (30 patients), the ISPC device was not used.
HEMODYNAMIC VARIABLES
Cardiac output and stroke volume were measured every 3 minutes by a transesophageal Doppler ultrasonographic apparatus (ODM II Cardio Q Doppler Monitor; Deltex Medical, Chichester, England) with single-use 4-MHz sterile probes (Deltex Medical).31 Peripheral venous pressure was measured through the brachial vein instead of by invasive central venous pressure monitoring.32 Systemic vascular resistance was calculated according to standard physiological equations (using peripheral venous pressure for derivation). All hemodynamic variables were recorded from the induction of anesthesia, through establishment of PPP and manipulation of the pneumatic sleeves, until the end of the surgical procedure.
HEPATIC AND RENAL PERFUSION
Peak and mean portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flows were measured directly by an ultrasound Doppler scanner (2102 XDI; B-K Medical A/S, Mileparken, Denmark) with a laparoscopic transducer (frequencies, 5.0, 6.5, and 7.5 MHz). Additional measurements of the averaged hepatic arterial blood flows were determined by calculation of the area under the velocity curve (graphically produced by the apparatus) multiplied by the vessel cross-sectional area and divided by the interval.33 Although portal and hepatic flows were significantly changed by activation of the pneumatic sleeves, they did not change with cycling of the device. Flow was recorded 3 times during PPP and after activation of ISPC, following 10 minutes of equilibration time for each period.
The renal segmental arterial resistive index (percentage reduction of the end-diastolic flow compared with the systolic flow) was measured by laparoscopic Doppler sonography during PPP and after activation of ISPC.34 Intrarenal Doppler signals were obtained, peak systolic and end diastolic velocities were determined, and the index was calculated accordingly (peak systolic velocity minus end diastolic velocity and divided by peak systolic velocity). Urine output was measured every 15 minutes and was expressed in milliliters per minute per meter squared of body surface area (determined from each patient's height and weight).
Each of the physiological measurements was performed by a different physician to avoid bias. These measures included urine collection, cardiovascular variables, and laparoscopic visceral data and interpretation.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 11.5 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill). Paired t tests were used to compare value changes in urine output and in renal, hepatic, and cardiovascular hemodynamic variables during the stages of surgery, with each patient serving as his or her own control. The sign test was applied to assess the significance of variation in the numbers of patients who underwent significant hemodynamic changes (10% or 20%) between consecutive stages of the procedure.
The Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Fisher exact test were used to compare the characteristics of the study and control groups, applying 2-tailed statistics. The  2 test was applied to compare frequencies of patients in both groups having significant changes in urine output during the stages of surgery. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, and the significance level was set at P<.05.
RESULTS
Of the hemodynamic variables evaluated in the study group, pulse rate remained almost stable throughout the surgical stages (Table 1). The induction of PPP caused a significant decrease of cardiac output (from 6.9 ± 2.1 L/min to 4.5 ± 1.5 L/min, P<.001), while activation of ISPC significantly reversed these changes (to 6.5 ± 2.2 L/min) and significantly increased cardiac output, approximating the pre-PPP levels. Similarly significant, yet opposite, changes were observed in systemic vascular resistance, increasing from a baseline of 930.2 ± 274.7 dynes·s·cm–5 to 1642.4 ± 654.7 dynes·s·cm–5 during PPP and back to 1177.4 ± 515.2 dynes·s·cm–5 with ISPC.
|
|
|
|
Table 1. Hemodynamic Changes in the Study Group During Induction of Anesthesia, Establishment of PPP, and Activation of the ISPC Device*
|
|
|
The stroke volume, which decreased significantly during PPP, was reversed with external pressure of the ISPC sleeves, as summarized in Table 1. The mean arterial pressure and peripheral venous pressure (reflecting central venous pressure) increased significantly during PPP and remained elevated with activation of ISPC.
Activation of the pneumatic sleeves during PPP significantly increased portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flows from 0.86 ± 0.30 L/min to 1.33 ± 0.44 L/min (P<.001) and from 0.26 ± 0.10 L/min to 0.38 ± 0.19 L/min (P = .002), respectively, as summarized in Table 1. Substantial increases in portal venous blood flow were seen in most patients, and similar numbers of patients experienced significant changes of their hepatic arterial blood flows (10% increase in 20 patients and 20% increase in 18 patients, P<.001).
Demographic and clinical data regarding the study and control groups are given in Table 2. The groups were similar in age, sex, medication use, comorbidities, and initial pulse rate and differed slightly in total body surface area and in baseline mean arterial pressure. Cardiac output was not measured in the control group, as we thought it to be irrelevant (see the "Comment" section).
|
|
|
|
Table 2. Demographic and Clinical Variables of the Study Group and the Control Group
|
|
|
The renal segmental arterial resistive index decreased significantly following activation of ISPC in the study group from 0.68 ± 0.05 to 0.63 ± 0.08 (P = .003) (Table 1). Likewise, urine output decreased significantly during PPP from 1.10 to 0.28 mL/min per meter squared (P = .001), but it improved markedly with activation of ISPC to 0.61 mL/min per meter squared (P = .01), as shown in the Figure. Such improvement was absent in the control group, in which urine output decreased from 1.12 to 0.37 mL/min per meter squared during PPP and further decreased to 0.14 mL/min per meter squared as PPP continued (P = .03). The numbers of patients who exhibited significant urine output increases between PPP and ISPC of at least 10% and at least 20% were 12 and 10, respectively, in the study group, compared with 5 and 5, respectively, in the control group; the corresponding numbers of patients demonstrating decreased urine output were 5 and 5, respectively, in the study group and 11 and 11, respectively, in the control group. These proportions differed significantly between the groups (P = .005 for 10% change and P = .03 for 20% change).
|
|
|
|
Figure. Urine output in the intermittent sequential pneumatic compression (ISPC) group and in the control group during the stages of surgery. PPP indicates positive-pressure pneumoperitoneum; error bars, standard deviation.
|
|
|
COMMENT
Studies1-4 in humans and in animals demonstrate the negative effects of PPP on cardiovascular and visceral perfusion. Although unfavorable hemodynamic consequences are not expected during most common elective laparoscopic operations in healthy patients, PPP may have significant clinical implications for elderly or cardiac patients undergoing prolonged laparoscopic procedures.1-8 Most investigations do not demonstrate hemodynamic adaptation during laparoscopic procedures; these findings were recently confirmed in the setting of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.35 Because the deranged hemodynamic changes are not spontaneously reversed in most cases, various methods have been suggested for controlling them.35 Most surgeons continue to operate using a mean PPP pressure of 14 mm Hg and do not use an abdominal wall lifter because of its inconvenience.
Diverse pharmacological means have been experimented with primarily in animals.22-26 However, hepatic perfusion was not analyzed, and the outcomes were often inconclusive. Furthermore, drugs may have undesirable adverse effects, and their use requires precise individualized titration. Increased fluid administration has been suggested to improve survival of renal grafts following laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy or to optimize urine output, cardiac preload, and hormonal stress response.27-28,36 However, excessive fluid administration is not applicable to all patients, and it may unfavorably affect the renal, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems.36-39
In recent years, 2 mechanical solutions based on different concepts have been proposed. The first used pressure equilibration to eliminate the pressure gradient between the abdominal cavity and the lower extremities during PPP.35 The second applied the ISPC device to improve cardiovascular performance and to affect cardiac autonomic nervous system control during PPP.29-30,40 Its use is feasible, it is not associated with the drawbacks already mentioned, and its underlying mechanism can be reasonably explained.
Indeed, the results of our study demonstrate that, in patients in whom PPP decreased cardiac output by at least 10%, activation of the ISPC device may lead to a significant increase in hepatic and renal perfusion, with improved cardiovascular functionality. This was indicated by the following 2 phenomena: (1) the increase in portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flows and the decrease in the renal segmental arterial resistive index as detected by the Doppler ultrasound and (2) the increase in urine output compared with the steady decrease in the control group during PPP. Cardiac output was not measured in the control group. Although most patients exhibit reduced cardiac output during PPP, unchanged cardiac output in some patients in this group cannot be excluded (ie, theoretically fewer splanchnic effects). Therefore, continued reduced urine output during PPP in this group supports our assumption that the improved urine output in the study group does not reflect physiological adaptation but rather the effect of ISPC on renal perfusion. We considered measuring the hepatic blood flow during PPP, but we assume (because of studies5-8 that demonstrate decreased visceral perfusion during PPP) that it was higher during wakefulness and before PPP anesthesia. With ISPC, the portal venous and hepatic arterial blood flows increased measurably from the values during PPP. This implies improved splanchnic perfusion because the portal vein drains the spleen, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract.
In evaluating hepatic perfusion, several factors should be considered. During laparoscopic surgery, increased sympathetic activity (with the potential participation of humoral factors such as angiotensin II) reduces the hepatic blood flow primarily due to hypercarbia and increased intra-abdominal pressure.41-43 Splanchnic vascular resistance may increase when certain modes of mechanical ventilation are used during anesthesia.43 In addition, anesthetics may decrease cardiac output and proportionally reduce the total hepatic blood flow that is already deranged by cardiovascular effects of PPP.5, 13-16,43 Because the measurements in each of the patients were paired and other factors remained unchanged, it is reasonable to conclude that the improvement in hepatic flow was attributable to the hemodynamic and autonomic effects of ISPC.30, 40 Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to determine whether hemodynamic improvement may reverse the metabolic and immunological changes associated with PPP.10-12
Renal blood flow, tubular functions, and glomerular filtration rate are affected by numerous multifactorial and complex mechanisms resulting in decreased urine output. Cardiovascular effects of elevated PPP include cardiac preload, decreased cardiac output, impairment of venous return, and eventually reduced renal blood flow.1-4,27, 37 Another putative mechanism for decreased urine output is mechanical compression of the inferior vena cava and of the renal vasculature and parenchyma.19, 44
Positive-pressure pneumoperitoneum also causes increased sympathetic activity, which is regulated through the mechanism of mediated baroreceptors together with the effects of hypercarbia and intraperitoneal pressure, and can lead to renal cortical vasoconstriction and its sequelae.22, 41-42,45 Central and peripheral regulatory mechanisms increase the secretion of antidiuretic hormone, which acts on the collecting ducts and the thick loop of Henle.9, 45-46 Reduced renal perfusion together with sympathetic stimulation activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, inducing its vascular and metabolic effects.9, 24, 46 Increased levels of catecholamines and endothelin 1 have also been detected.22 All of these factors are in addition to the major effect of surgical stress on renal function. Anesthetic drugs usually decrease glomerular filtration and renal blood flow secondary to their endocrine, sympathetic, and cardiovascular effects.41, 45 Other drug interactions and preexisting renal disease contribute to this complex situation. Indeed, positive-pressure ventilation can induce derangement of kidney functions through cardiovascular and neurohumoral mechanisms.45
Urine output increased, the renal index decreased, and several harmful mechanisms were neutralized with ISPC, reflecting increased renal perfusion. This is especially important in the setting of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy, which is emerging as the favored approach for renal donation.47 We assume that the ISPC device improved renal perfusion by augmenting cardiac output and by decreasing systemic vascular resistance, indirectly affecting the neurohumoral axis and consequently the autonomic nervous system, similar to the mechanisms affecting hepatic perfusion.29-30,40 However, more research is needed in a larger patient group to elucidate the effects of ISPC on renal function, particularly during live donor nephrectomy.
In conclusion, we demonstrate that significantly improved hepatic and renal blood flows during PPP can be achieved using the ISPC device. Additional studies are required to assess other functional advantages related to use of this simple technology. We recommend use of ISPC during prolonged laparoscopic procedures, especially in elderly patients with preexisting cardiovascular diseases.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Amitai Bickel, MD, Department of Surgery, Western Galilee Hospital, PO Box 21, 22100 Nahariya, Israel (amitai{at}netvision.net.il).
Accepted for Publication: December 5, 2005.
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Bickel and Eitan. Acquisition of data: Bickel, Loberant, Bersudsky, Goldfeld, Ivry, Herskovits, and Eitan. Analysis and interpretation of data: Bickel and Eitan. Drafting of the manuscript: Bickel, Loberant, Bersudsky, Goldfeld, and Herskovits. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Bickel and Eitan. Statistical analysis: Bickel. Obtained funding: Eitan. Administrative, technical, and material support: Bickel, Loberant, Bersudsky, Goldfeld, Ivry, Herskovits, and Eitan. Study supervision: Bickel and Eitan.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Author Affiliations: Departments of Surgery (Drs Bickel and Eitan), Radiology (Drs Loberant, Goldfeld, and Herskovits), and Anesthesiology (Drs Bersudsky and Ivry), Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, and The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa (Drs Bickel, Loberant, and Eitan), Israel.
REFERENCES
| |
1. Williams MD, Murr PC. Laparoscopic insufflation of the abdomen depresses cardiopulmonary function. Surg Endosc. 1993;7:12-16.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
2. Marathe US, Lilly RE, Silvestry SC; et al. Alterations in hemodynamics and left ventricular contractility during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Surg Endosc. 1996;10:974-978.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
3. Critchley LA, Critchley JA, Gin T. Haemodynamic changes in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy: measurement by transthoracic electrical bioimpedance. Br J Anaesth. 1993;70:681-683.
FREE FULL TEXT
4. Galizia G, Prizio G, Lieto E; et al. Hemodynamic and pulmonary changes during open, carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and abdominal wall-lifting cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized study. Surg Endosc. 2001;15:477-483.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
5. Schafer M, Sagesser H, Reichen J, Krahenbuhl L. Alterations in hemodynamics and hepatic and splanchnic circulation during laparoscopy in rats. Surg Endosc. 2001;15:1197-1201.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
6. Diebel LN, Dulchavsky SA, Wilson RF. Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on mesenteric arterial and intestinal mucosal blood flow. J Trauma. 1992;33:45-48.
ISI
| PUBMED
7. Schilling MK, Redaelli C, Krahenbuhl L; et al. Splanchnic microcirculatory changes during CO2 laparoscopy. J Am Coll Surg. 1997;184:378-382.
ISI
| PUBMED
8. Gudmundsson FF, Gislason HG, Dicko A; et al. Effects of prolonged increased intra-abdominal pressure on gastrointestinal blood flow in pigs. Surg Endosc. 2001;15:854-860.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
9. Gutt CN, Oniu T, Mehrabi A; et al. Circulatory and respiratory complications of carbon dioxide insufflation. Dig Surg. 2004;21:95-105.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
10. Gutt CN, Kim ZG, Schemmer P; et al. Impact of laparoscopic and conventional surgery on Kupffer cells, tumor-associated CD44 expression, and intrahepatic tumor spread. Arch Surg. 2002;137:1408-1412.
FREE FULL TEXT
11. Nakatani T, Sakamoto Y, Kaneko I; et al. Effects of intra-abdominal hypertension on hepatic energy metabolism in a rabbit model. J Trauma. 1998;44:446-453.
ISI
| PUBMED
12. Leister I, Schuler P, Vollmar B; et al. Microcirculation and excretory function of the liver under conditions of carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1358-1363.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
13. Junghans T, Bohm B, Grundel K; et al. Does pneumoperitoneum with different gases, body positions, and intraperitoneal pressures influence renal and hepatic blood flow? Surgery. 1997;121:206-211.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
14. Diebel LN, Wilson RF, Dulchavsky SA, Saxe J. Effect of increased intra-abdominal pressure on hepatic arterial, portal venous, and hepatic microcirculatory blood flow. J Trauma. 1992;33:279-282.
ISI
| PUBMED
15. Schmandra TC, Kim ZG, Gutt CN. Effect of insufflation gas and intraabdominal pressure on portal venous flow during pneumoperitoneum in the rat. Surg Endosc. 2001;15:405-408.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
16. Jakimowicz J, Stultiens G, Smulders F. Laparoscopic insufflation of the abdomen reduces portal venous flow. Surg Endosc. 1998;12:129-132.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
17. Hazebroek EJ, Gommers D, Schreve MA; et al. Impact of intraoperative donor management on short-term renal function after laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Ann Surg. 2002;236:127-132.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
18. Lindberg F, Bergqvist D, Bjorck M, Rasmussen I. Renal hemodynamics during carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum: an experimental study in pigs. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:480-484.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
19. Chiu AW, Azadzoi KM, Hatzichristou DG; et al. Effects of intra-abdominal pressure on renal tissue perfusion during laparoscopy. J Endourol. 1994;8:99-103.
ISI
| PUBMED
20. Glantzounis GK, Tselepis AD, Tambaki AP; et al. Laparoscopic surgery–induced changes in oxidative stress markers in human plasma. Surg Endosc. 2001;15:1315-1319.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
21. Polat C, Yilmaz S, Serteser M; et al. The effect of different intraabdominal pressures on lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation status during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:1719-1722.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
22. Gudmundsson FF, Viste A, Myking OL; et al. Role of angiotensin II under prolonged increased intraabdominal pressure (IAP) in pigs. Surg Endosc. 2003;17:1092-1097.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
23. Kim ZG, Sanli E, Brinkmann L; et al. Impact of dopamine and endothelin-1 antagonism on portal venous blood flow during laparoscopic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:1292-1296.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
24. Gudmundsson FF, Viste A, Myking OL; et al. Effects of aldosterone receptor antagonist potassium canrenoate on renal blood flow and urinary output during prolonged increased intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) in pigs. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1528-1534.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
25. Demirbas M, Guler C, Samli M; et al. The effect of verapamil on the prevention of ischemia/reperfusion injury in the experimental retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy model. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1272-1275. [published erratum appears in Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1828].
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
26. Ali NA, Eubanks WS, Stamler JS; et al. A method to attenuate pneumoperitoneum-induced reductions in splanchnic blood flow. Ann Surg. 2005;241:256-261.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
27. Feldman LS, Anidjar M, Metrakos P; et al. Optimization of cardiac preload during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy: a preliminary study of central venous pressure versus esophageal Doppler monitoring. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:412-416.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
28. London ET, Ho HS, Neuhaus AM; et al. Effect of intravascular volume expansion on renal function during prolonged CO2 pneumoperitoneum. Ann Surg. 2000;231:195-201.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
29. Cuschieri A. Adverse cardiovascular changes induced by positive pressure pneumoperitoneum: possible solutions to a problem. Surg Endosc. 1998;12:93-94.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
30. Alishahi S, Francis N, Crofts S; et al. Central and peripheral adverse hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic surgery and their reversal with a novel intermittent sequential pneumatic compression device. Ann Surg. 2001;233:176-182.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
31. Seoudi HM, Perkal MF, Hanrahan A, Angood PB. The esophageal Doppler monitor in mechanically ventilated surgical patients: does it work? J Trauma. 2003;55:720-725.
ISI
| PUBMED
32. Amar D, Melendez JA, Zhang H; et al. Correlation of peripheral venous pressure and central venous pressure in surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2001;15:40-43.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
33. Sugimoto H, Kaneko T, Inoue S; et al. Simultaneous Doppler measurement of portal venous peak velocity, hepatic arterial peak velocity, and splenic arterial pulsatility index for assessment of hepatic circulation. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:793-797.
PUBMED
34. Radermacher J, Mengel M, Ellis S; et al. The renal arterial resistance index and renal allograft survival. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:115-124.
FREE FULL TEXT
35. Bickel A, Arzomanov T, Ivry S; et al. Reversal of adverse hemodynamic effects of pneumoperitoneum by pressure equilibration. Arch Surg. 2004;139:1320-1325.
FREE FULL TEXT
36. Holte K, Klarskov B, Christensen DS; et al. Liberal versus restrictive fluid administration to improve recovery after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a randomized, double-blind study. Ann Surg. 2004;240:892-899.
ISI
| PUBMED
37. Bergman S, Feldman LS, Carli F; et al. Intraoperative fluid management in laparoscopic live-donor nephrectomy: challenging the dogma. Surg Endosc. 2004;18:1625-1630.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
38. Holte K, Sharrock NE, Kehlet H. Pathophysiology and clinical implications of perioperative fluid excess. Br J Anaesth. 2002;89:622-632.
FREE FULL TEXT
39. Brandstrup B, Tonnesen H, Beier-Holgersen R; et al, Danish Study Group on Perioperative Fluid Therapy. Effects of intravenous fluid restriction on postoperative complications: comparison of two perioperative fluid regimens: a randomized assessor-blinded multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2003;238:641-648.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
40. Bickel A, Yahalom M, Roguin N; et al. Improving the adverse changes in cardiac autonomic nervous control during laparoscopic surgery, using an intermittent sequential pneumatic compression device. Am J Surg. 2004;187:124-127.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
41. Bickel A, Yahalom M, Roguin N; et al. Power spectral analysis of heart rate variability during positive pressure pneumoperitoneum: the significance of increased cardiac sympathetic expression. Surg Endosc. 2002;16:1341-1344.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
42. Sato N, Kawamoto M, Yuge O; et al. Effects of pneumoperitoneum on cardiac autonomic nervous activity evaluated by heart rate variability analysis during sevoflurane, isoflurane, or propofol anesthesia. Surg Endosc. 2000;14:362-366.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
43. Parks DA, Skinner KA, Gelman S, Maze M. Hepatic physiology. In: Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 2000:647-659.44. Koivusalo AM, Kellokumpu I, Ristkari S, Lindgren L. Splanchnic and renal deterioration during and after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a comparison of the carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum and the abdominal wall lift method. Anesth Analg. 1997;85:886-891.
ABSTRACT
45. Sladen RN. Renal physiology. In: Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingstone Inc; 2000:663-690.46. Hazebroek EJ, de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel R, Gommers D; et al. Antidiuretic hormone release during laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Arch Surg. 2002;137:600-605.
FREE FULL TEXT
47. Handschin AE, Weber M, Demartines N, Clavien PA. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Br J Surg. 2003;90:1323-1332.
FULL TEXT
|
ISI
| PUBMED
 CiteULike  Connotea  Del.icio.us  Digg  Reddit  Technorati  Twitter
What's this?
RELATED LETTERS
Reduced Renal and Hepatic Perfusion Caused by Pos-itive-Pressure Pneumoperitoneum: Impact on Donor Kidneys
Mahesh Goel
Arch Surg. 2007;142(12):1225.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
Reduced Renal and Hepatic Perfusion Caused by Pos-itive-Pressure Pneumoperitoneum: Impact on Donor Kidneys—Reply
Amitai Bickel, Norman Loberant, and Arie Eitan
Arch Surg. 2007;142(12):1225-1226.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
RELATED ARTICLE
Overcoming Reduced Hepatic and Renal Perfusion Caused by Positive-Pressure Pneumoperitoneum—Invited Critique
Robert A. Kozol
Arch Surg. 2007;142(2):125.
EXTRACT
| FULL TEXT
THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN CITED BY OTHER ARTICLES
Reduced Renal and Hepatic Perfusion Caused by Pos-itive-Pressure Pneumoperitoneum: Impact on Donor Kidneys
Goel
Arch Surg 2007;142:1225-1225.
FULL TEXT
Reduced Renal and Hepatic Perfusion Caused by Pos-itive-Pressure Pneumoperitoneum: Impact on Donor Kidneys Reply
Bickel et al.
Arch Surg 2007;142:1225-1226.
FULL TEXT
|
