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Stomach-Partitioning Gastrojejunostomy for Gastroduodenal Outlet Obstruction
Keisuke Kubota, MD, PhD;
Junko Kuroda, MD, PhD;
Nobuto Origuchi, MD, PhD;
Michio Kaminishi, MD, PhD;
Hiromichi Isayama, MD, PhD;
Takao Kawabe, MD, PhD;
Masao Omata, MD, PhD;
Ken-ichi Mafune, MD, PhD
Arch Surg. 2007;142(7):607-611.
ABSTRACT
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Hypothesis The outcome of the stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy (SPGJ) procedure is superior to that of stenting procedures.
Design Data from patients who underwent an SPGJ were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records (body weight, hemoglobin and albumin levels, assessment of food intake, duration of hospitalization, complications, and survival rates), and we compared the results with those obtained from patients treated with stenting.
Setting Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery and Gastroenterology, Tokyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
Patients A series of 16 consecutive patients with gastroduodenal outlet obstruction who underwent an SPGJ and 9 patients who were treated with stenting between January 5, 1998, and August 18, 2004.
Main Outcome Measures Mann-Whitney, Fisher exact, and generalized Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analyses.
Results There were no differences between the 2 groups concerning background data, physiological status, or laboratory data. The starting point of food intake by patients treated with stenting was significantly earlier (at 4.2 days in the stent group vs at 6.0 days in the SPGJ group, P < .004). The numbers of patients taking a regular meal at 2 weeks after treatment were 12 of 16 patients in the SPGJ group and 1 of 9 patients in the stent group (P < .001). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the duration of hospitalization. The complication rates were significantly different between the 2 groups (P = .48). The median survival was 7.3 months in the SPGJ group and 2.8 months in the stent group (P = .008), and the mean 6-month survival rates were 81% (13 of 16) and 33% (3 of 9), respectively (P < .04).
Conclusion Stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy achieved improved quality of life and a better prognosis compared with stenting procedures, and it is the treatment of choice for gastroduodenal outlet obstruction.
INTRODUCTION
For patients with gastroduodenal outlet obstruction (GOO) due to unresectable advanced malignant disease in the upper gastrointestinal tract, several treatments are available (ie, bypass surgery, enteral stenting, jejunostomy, or intravenous hyperalimentation). The intestinal tract–nutrition method (bypass operation, stenting, and jejunostomy) seems to be superior to intravenous hyperalimentation in terms of (1) the activation of intestinal tract immunity, (2) the use of oral antineoplastic medication, and (3) safe and simple home management. Given the quality of life (QOL) issue in the setting of terminal illness, the bypass operation and stent placement method, if possible to perform, is desirable compared with jejunostomy because patients may be relieved of the discomfort of a nasogastric tube for decompression, and satisfactory oral ingestion may be obtained.
The most common bypass operation, conventional gastrojejunostomy (CGJ) from the proximal part of the stomach to the proximal part of the jejunum, is not fully effective in this situation because of the retention of food or bleeding from the tumor. In the method comprising stomach transection and a Billroth II procedure, visualization of the tumor is impossible, and the distal stump sometimes ruptures because of bleeding from the tumor. In another type of bypass operation, a procedure that includes transection of the stomach and anastomoses on both sides of the stomach to the upper jejunum is reportedly used to prevent liquid storage on the cancer side.1 However, the adaptation of this method is limited because the procedure is intricate.
We introduced a new type of gastrojejunostomy, called stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy (SPGJ), which embodies a modification of the palliative method of Schantz et al.2 In this procedure, the stomach is partially partitioned between the proximal and distal parts, and the proximal part of the stomach is anastomosed to the proximal part of the jejunum (Figure 1). This procedure allows for unobstructed eating and for serial endoscopic observation of the tumor; it reduces bleeding from the tumor and allows for drainage when bleeding occurs (Figure 2). A previous study3 demonstrated that SPGJ in 8 patients achieved improved QOL and a better prognosis compared with CGJ in 13 patients and that it is the preferred bypass procedure for GOO. The rates of taking a regular meal at 2 weeks after operation were 80% in the SPGJ group and 31% in the CGJ group. The mean 1-year survival rates were 42.9% for the SPGJ group and 7.7% for the CGJ group. The mean survival times were 13.4 months in the SPGJ group and 5.8 months in the CGJ group. Since 2004 this procedure has been introduced in some institutes around the world.4-5
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Figure 1. Stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy.
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Figure 2. A, Lesser curvature lumen and anastomosis. B, Tumor observed through the lumen.
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We performed more SPGJ procedures after that year. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the outcome of the SPGJ procedure and to compare it with the performance of stenting procedures conducted during the same period. Study variables were food intake status and the perioperative and postoperative course.
METHODS
Between January 5, 1998, and August 18, 2004, a series of 16 consecutive patients with GOO caused by incurable malignant disease underwent an SPGJ at the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tokyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. The analysis was based on body weight, pretreatment and posttreatment hemoglobin and albumin levels, starting point and assessment of food intake, duration of hospitalization, complications, and survival rates. The assessment of food intake was classified as no meal, half-solid meal, or regular meal. Data from these patients were collected retrospectively from hospital medical records.
The SPGJ procedure was performed as follows: the upper third of the stomach was partitioned from the greater side to a point located 2 cm from the lesser curvature. The lesser curvature lumen was left at about 1 finger's width. The partitioned proximal part of the stomach was anastomosed to the proximal part of the jejunum. A retrocolic anastomosis was usually performed.
During the same period, 9 patients were treated with gastroduodenal stenting at the Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo University Hospital. The stents used (Ultraflex and Microvasive; Boston Scientific Corporation, Natick, Massachusetts) had a fully open diameter of 23 mm and a length of 70 mm and were commercially available for the esophagus. We evaluated outcomes among these 9 patients treated with stenting. Informed consent was obtained from all patients before surgery or treatment.
The background data, physiological status, laboratory data, starting point of food intake, and duration of hospitalization were compared by means of Mann-Whitney tests. Assessment of food intake and complications were compared by means of Fisher exact tests. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared using generalized Wilcoxon tests. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
The characteristics of the study groups are summarized in Table 1. The median age and male-female sex ratios were similar between the 2 groups. In terms of primary disease, gastric cancers had the highest prevalence in both groups. Other primary neoplasms in the SPGJ group included malignant lymphoma, rectal cancer, and renal cancer, while the types of malignancies in the stent group included pancreatic and ovarian cancers. The spread of the primary tumor was similar between the groups, with adjacent structure invasions, liver metastases, peritoneal disseminations, and other distant organ metastases (lung and brain).
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Table 1. Background Dataa
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There were no major differences in physiological status (body weight change) or laboratory data (hemoglobin and albumin levels) between the 2 groups. The details are given in Table 2.
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Table 2. Physiological Status and Laboratory Data
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The starting points of food intake were at 6.0 days in the SPGJ group and 4.2 days in the stent group; hence, food intake was significantly earlier in patients treated with stenting (P < .001) (Table 3). The numbers of patients taking a regular meal at 2 weeks after treatment were 12 of 16 patients in the SPGJ group and 1 of 9 patients in the stent group (P = .008).
There was no significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the duration of hospitalization (P = .48) (Table 4). In 2 patients in the SPGJ group and in 1 patient in the stent group, tumor growth occurred at the anastomotic site and through the stent, resulting in obstruction. In the stent group, one patient had massive tumor hemorrhage, and another patient experienced intestinal perforation by a migrating stent; both patients died of these complications. There was a significant difference in complication rates between the 2 study groups (P = .14).
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Table 4. Posttreatment Course
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The median survival was 7.3 months in the SPGJ group and 2.8 months in the stent group, but the difference was not statistically significant (Figure 3). The mean 6-month survival rates for the SPGJ group and for the stent group were 81% (13 of 16) and 33% (3 of 9), respectively (P = .04).
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Figure 3. There was no significant difference between the survival curves in the stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy (SPGJ) group and the stent group (P = .14), but the mean 6-month survival rate was significantly higher in the SPGJ group (81% [13 of 16]) than in the stent group (33% [3 of 9]) (P = .04).
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COMMENT
Conventional gastrojejunostomy, the most common bypass, is not fully effective in this setting because of impaired gastric motility or risk of bleeding from the tumor. In 1925, Devine1 introduced antral exclusion gastrojejunostomy for GOO, but the procedure was too intricate. In 1946, Kajitani6 introduced a transverse resection in the greater curvature of the stomach and gastrojejunostomy technique by first maintaining a tunnel in the lesser curvature of the stomach.
The SPGJ procedure effects simple gastrojejunostomy by application of a single linear cutter.3 In that study and in the present study, the superiority of the SPGJ method is demonstrated compared with CGJ or stenting procedures in terms of simple manipulation, less postoperative morbidity, improved QOL, and better prognosis. In addition, an SPGJ allows for observation of the tumor through postoperative endoscopy.
During the past decade, the expandable stents developed for enteral use have shown favorable results equal to or better than those of the CGJ operation.7-8 In fact, the stenting procedure has enabled earlier food intake and seems useful for patients who need alimentation as soon as possible because of poor health and limited life expectancy.
Most patients in the SPGJ group had taken a regular meal by 2 weeks after the operation, which may lead to better QOL. In the stent group, critical complications such as bleeding and perforation were observed in our study and in others.9-11 In the SPGJ group, reobstruction caused by a neoplasm was observed in only 2 cases. Better QOL and lower morbidity might contribute to an improved general condition and prognosis.
In the past few years, good results have been obtained by laparoscopic gastrojejunostomy for palliation of GOO.12-13 It provides safe and efficient relief from symptoms of GOO, minimal suppression of immune function, and the same benefits of minimally invasive surgery associated with other laparoscopic procedures. Laparoscopic SPGJ surgery, if possible to perform, may be less invasive and more useful for patients with GOO and should be studied in the future.
At present, SPGJ has achieved improved QOL (intake of solid food and fewer complications) and a better prognosis compared with other bypass operations or stenting procedures. It is the treatment of choice for GOO.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Correspondence: Keisuke Kubota, MD, PhD, Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital, Mita 1-4-3, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8329, Japan (kubota{at}iuhw.ac.jp).
Accepted for Publication: March 4, 2006.
Author Contributions: Study concept and design: Kubota, Kuroda, Origuchi, Kaminishi, Isayama, Kawabe, Omata, and Mafune. Acquisition of data: Kubota, Kaminishi, Isayama, Kawabe, Omata, and Mafune. Analysis and interpretation of data: Kubota, Kuroda, Origuchi, Kaminishi, Isayama, Kawabe, Omata, and Mafune. Drafting of the manuscript: Kubota, Kuroda, Origuchi, Kaminishi, Isayama, Kawabe, Omata, and Mafune. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Kubota, Kuroda, Origuchi, Kaminishi, Isayama, Kawabe, Omata, and Mafune. Statistical analysis: Kubota, Kuroda, Origuchi, Kaminishi, Isayama, Kawabe, Omata, and Mafune. Obtained funding: Kaminishi. Administrative, technical, and material support: Kubota, Kuroda, Kaminishi, Isayama, and Mafune. Study supervision: Origuchi, Kaminishi, Kawabe, Omata, and Mafune.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Additional Contributions: Keiichiro Ohta, MD, PhD, provided expert advice about the history of bypass surgery.
Author Affiliations: Department of Surgery, International University of Health and Welfare Mita Hospital (Drs Kubota, Kuroda, Origuchi, and Mafune), and Departments of Gastrointestinal Surgery (Dr Kaminishi) and Gastroenterology (Drs Isayama, Kawabe, and Omata), Tokyo University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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